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Bumblebees show some ability to control their own body temperature. During cold weather, bumblebees have been observed warming their flight muscles by shivering. The bees are able to maintain a body temperature several degrees above that of the surrounding air. Regulation of their internal body temperature is an example of*
Base your answers to questions 2 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams represent some of the systems that make up the human body.
A similarity between these systems is that they all*
One characteristic of all living things is that they*
In order for the human body to maintain homeostasis, the breakdown of glucose to release energy must be followed by the*
A similarity between humans and many other multicellular animals is that they*
In response to an increasing blood glucose level, the human body will normally*
Energy drinks have become increasingly popular. Some of these drinks contain large amounts of caffeine, which is known to increase heart rates in most individuals. This effect on the heart rate can be dangerous because it can lead to*
Base your answers to questions 8 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. This diagram represents the roles of different parts of the human body in keeping blood sugar at a balanced, normal level over time.
The diagram shows human body structures that are coordinated to maintain homeostasis. Which row correctly identifies the functions of these structures?
*
When the human body is responding to stress, the hormone adrenaline is released. A short time later, the body returns to normal. This is an example of how a human*
Like humans, animals including dogs and cats get goose bumps. On a cold day, these goose bumps cause their coats to expand creating a layer of insulation. If the animal is scared, the coat will also expand making the animal look larger to predators. These responses serve as examples of*
Which change is an example of a response to a stimulus?*
A small lizard spends the morning hours lying in the sunlight until its body temperature rises. Later on in the day, the lizard rests in a shady area until its body temperature cools. This type of behavior is important to*
Organ systems of the human body interact to maintain a balanced internal environment. As blood flows through certain organs of the body, the composition of the blood changes because of interactions with those organs. State one change in the composition of the blood as it flows through the respiratory system. [1]*
Base your answers to questions 14 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Protein Shredder
In every cell, thousands of important processes are occurring around the clock. One of the ways a cell manages to coordinate all of these processes is by sending protein messages. After the protein messages are delivered and read, they need to be destroyed to prepare for the arrival of the next message.
The task of destroying these proteins falls on cell structures known as proteasomes. Think of a proteasome as a tubelike protein shredder. Protein molecules that have served their purpose are transported to the proteasome, unfolded, fed through the tube, and cut into smaller molecules that can then be used to synthesize new protein molecules. Proteasomes can shred any type of protein.
Individuals with a neurological disorder known as hereditary ataxia have been found to have an excess of protein in the cells of their brains and spinal cords. The abnormal level somehow leads to the death of cells in portions of the cerebellum. These areas of cell loss can be seen on a brain scan.
There are several forms of hereditary ataxia but all of them result in poor coordination. The symptoms progress over a period of years. In the beginning, the individuals experience only minor coordination problems. As time passes, the symptoms become worse. The affected individuals will have poor balance when walking. They will be clumsy and have difficulty talking and swallowing.
Based on the symptoms shown by individuals with hereditary ataxia, state two functions regulated by the cerebellum and spinal cord. [1]
Functions:_________________________________ and _______________________________________*
Base your answers to questions 15 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The fight-or-flight response in humans prepares the body to fight off or run away from a potential threat. This response results from a series of nerve and chemical signals that direct how cells function. This, in turn, determines the actions of organs in these situations.
Some of the changes experienced by the individuals as part of this response include:
increased pulse rate increased blood glucose levels increased breathing rate
Select one of the listed changes experienced by the individual and write it on the line below. Explain how the change you chose allows the individual to effectively respond to a threat. [1]
Change:*
